Archivio Fondazione Fiera Milano
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Highways to the sky, Highways to Italy

The rebirth of a country and its economic boom as seen through its aircraft and motor industries at the Milan Trade Fair

a cura di Paolo Bricco

Past, present and future. The aircraft industry was one of the main drivers of international growth during the twentieth century. Today, it is one of the manufacturing sectors with the highest technological content. And for all nations, it represents a bridge to the future.

To mark the 2021 World Routes event, hosted by Sea Aeroporti di Milano, Fondazione Fiera Milano has delved into its impressive library of archive material, comprising one of the most important, precious collections of images and documents on the history of Italy. The material chosen consists of images specially collated, in accordance with logical, coherent criteria, for the exhibition entitled “The rebirth of a country and its economic boom as seen through its aircraft and motor industries at the Milan Trade Fair”.

These thirty images depicting events organised at the Milan Trade Fair between 1945 and 1965, are subdivided  into two sections which mutually complete each other: the first fifteen cover aeroplanes and helicopters, culminating in the evocative sensations of the first space trips, whilst the other fifteen images show cars and motorbikes, tractors and trains.

The mosaic thus created focuses on the key role played by the aircraft industry, in other words the “highways to the sky” and the transport industry in general during a historical period which was critical for Italy, Europe and the world.  The aftermath of World War II sparked reconstruction and the economic boom. This was a historical era between the end of the Second World War in 1945 and the early 1960s, a period of immense vitality for all Italians who yearned for employment, economic growth and the chance to experience development and prosperity. Amongst planes, cars, crowds flocking to exhibitions and illustrious visitors, this highway to the future can clearly be seen in the documents selected from the Fondazione Fiera Milano Historical Archives.

a cura di Paolo Bricco

Past, present and future. The aircraft industry was one of the main drivers of international growth during the twentieth century. Today, it is one of the manufacturing sectors with the highest technological content. And for all nations, it represents a bridge to the future.

To mark the 2021 World Routes event, hosted by Sea Aeroporti di Milano, Fondazione Fiera Milano has delved into its impressive library of archive material, comprising one of the most important, precious collections of images and documents on the history of Italy. The material chosen consists of images specially collated, in accordance with logical, coherent criteria, for the exhibition entitled “The rebirth of a country and its economic boom as seen through its aircraft and motor industries at the Milan Trade Fair”.

These thirty images depicting events organised at the Milan Trade Fair between 1945 and 1965, are subdivided  into two sections which mutually complete each other: the first fifteen cover aeroplanes and helicopters, culminating in the evocative sensations of the first space trips, whilst the other fifteen images show cars and motorbikes, tractors and trains.

The mosaic thus created focuses on the key role played by the aircraft industry, in other words the “highways to the sky” and the transport industry in general during a historical period which was critical for Italy, Europe and the world.  The aftermath of World War II sparked reconstruction and the economic boom. This was a historical era between the end of the Second World War in 1945 and the early 1960s, a period of immense vitality for all Italians who yearned for employment, economic growth and the chance to experience development and prosperity. Amongst planes, cars, crowds flocking to exhibitions and illustrious visitors, this highway to the future can clearly be seen in the documents selected from the Fondazione Fiera Milano Historical Archives.

The industry of aircraft and motor vehicles. Their symbolic and tangible strengths can be appreciated perfectly on the exhibition stands at the Milan Trade Fair. The Italy that rebuilt itself from the rubble of the Second World War showcases its assets at the Milan Trade Fair.

At the Milan Trade Fair pavilions, Italy’s national industrial system is able to showcase its skills and innovations throughout the golden years of reconstruction and economic boom: from Agusta to Fiat Aviazione, from Nardi to Breda, from Alfa Romeo to Piaggio, from Moto Guzzi to Ferrari, from Landini Trattori to Alitalia. Aeroplanes and helicopters, trains and tractors, motorcycles and cars.

Together, these undertakings possess a particular economic and diplomatic value as well as a strong identity, as demonstrated by the thirty images in the exhibition. These are products made by Italian companies, telling the story of the Italian escape from poverty and the transformation of an entire nation from a world of agriculture to a future of industry. There are visits by leaders of the Italian state (the President of the Republic, Luigi Einaudi), European royal families (Prince Rainier III of Monaco), the church (the archbishop of Milan, Giovanni Battista Montini, the future Pope Paul VI) and international celebrities (Evita Peron and the American ambassador Clare Boothe Luce).

All of this creates a profoundly popular form of identity. The Second World War, which with its mixture of torment and desire to start anew, to some extent resembles the current situation devastated by Covid, yet characterised by a strong desire to resume all human and economic activity. Similarly, in that period, tens of thousands of Italians flocked to the Trade Fair every week; they dreamt of boarding an aeroplane or jumping on a helicopter, a motorcycle or a racing car, so that they could put the past behind them and above all, look towards the future.

The industry of aircraft and motor vehicles. Their symbolic and tangible strengths can be appreciated perfectly on the exhibition stands at the Milan Trade Fair. The Italy that rebuilt itself from the rubble of the Second World War showcases its assets at the Milan Trade Fair.

At the Milan Trade Fair pavilions, Italy’s national industrial system is able to showcase its skills and innovations throughout the golden years of reconstruction and economic boom: from Agusta to Fiat Aviazione, from Nardi to Breda, from Alfa Romeo to Piaggio, from Moto Guzzi to Ferrari, from Landini Trattori to Alitalia. Aeroplanes and helicopters, trains and tractors, motorcycles and cars.

Together, these undertakings possess a particular economic and diplomatic value as well as a strong identity, as demonstrated by the thirty images in the exhibition. These are products made by Italian companies, telling the story of the Italian escape from poverty and the transformation of an entire nation from a world of agriculture to a future of industry. There are visits by leaders of the Italian state (the President of the Republic, Luigi Einaudi), European royal families (Prince Rainier III of Monaco), the church (the archbishop of Milan, Giovanni Battista Montini, the future Pope Paul VI) and international celebrities (Evita Peron and the American ambassador Clare Boothe Luce).

All of this creates a profoundly popular form of identity. The Second World War, which with its mixture of torment and desire to start anew, to some extent resembles the current situation devastated by Covid, yet characterised by a strong desire to resume all human and economic activity. Similarly, in that period, tens of thousands of Italians flocked to the Trade Fair every week; they dreamt of boarding an aeroplane or jumping on a helicopter, a motorcycle or a racing car, so that they could put the past behind them and above all, look towards the future.

In this tour

  • Fiat’s exhibition space at Milan Trade Fair in 1948. On display, a G 212 G.P. Monterosa aircraft. Fiat was Italy’s major industrial group in the 20th century and specialised in every form of transport in accordance with its advertising slogan “Fiat terra, mare, cielo” [Fiat land, sea, sky]. The prototype for this type of aircraft dates back to 1947. Immediately after the Second World War, two versions were produced, one for civilian and one for military transport.


  • A visit by the president of the Republic, Luigi Einaudi, to Milan Trade Fair in 1950. Einaudi and his wife, Ida Pellegrini, are accompanied by Giuseppe Togni, Minister of Industry and Commerce in the De Gasperi government. The heads of the Democratic Republic created from the ashes of fascism and the monarchy visit the “Leonardo da Vinci” heliport on the roof of Pavilion 32.


  • The external view of the “Leonardo da Vinci” heliport building at the 1950 Milan Trade Fair. The heliport was one of the symbols of the economic and civil recovery achieved by the new Italy, combining the strengths of its innovative aviation industry with Italy’s manufacturing sector, which, almost in its entirety, succeeded in reopening its factories. The products were displayed in the Trade Fair pavilions. Milan Trade Fair was also a source of attraction, fun and identification for ordinary citizens – from children to adults – who flocked to every event.


  • The Agusta Z-101 helicopter in the aeronautical sector of Milan Trade Fair in 1958. This helicopter was manufactured to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the Agusta company, one of the most advanced Italian manufacturers in the first half of the twentieth century, capable of expanding from the maintenance of aircraft built by other companies to the production of its own: Agusta was founded in 1908 in Sicily and then developed under the ownership and guidance of the Agusta family, in Lombardy.


  • Inside the “First Steps in Space” exhibition at the 1958 Milan Trade Fair. The seat prototype for space rockets, spacesuits and respirators for astronauts are on display. The two-year period, 1957 – 1958, marked a watershed in the story of human civilisation. In 1957, by launching Sputnik, the Soviet Union had kicked off the space race and, in the following months, – with its Western allies including Italy – the United States intensified its programme to make up for lost time. The confrontation was technological, industrial, economic and political.


  • The cover of the Fiera di Milano periodical. This cover shows the essential role played by the motor industry (especially the aeronautical sector) in developing the Italian economy. Furthermore, it conveys just what an important role Fiera di Milano played in fostering a collective spirit to promote ongoing development in the manufacturing sector and to spread affluence. Ente Autonomo Fiera Internazionale di Milano technical – commercial collection. Year III. Issue 3. 1950. The artist who created the cover is Gian Carlo Rossetti.


  • Advertisement by Alitalia. The increasing internationalisation of the Italian economy after the period of nationalistic autarchy during the 1930s and the disastrous Second World War, are symbolised by the routes flown by the national airline, which in the 1950s and 1960s was one of the stars of the Trade Fair. Page 361 Fiera di Milano magazine. Ente Autonomo Fiera collection. Year XV. Single issue. 1963.


  • Nardi FN-333 aircraft at Milan Trade Fair in 1954. Prototype of a small amphibious four-seater aircraft made entirely of metal, designed for civil and military uses, built in 1952. The aircraft is displayed in a landscaped area in front of the Montecatini group’s pavilion in Viale dell’industria. The aeroplane was also referred to as the Nardi FN-333 Riviera. This was a particularly successful model especially in the United States, Canada and Sweden.


  • In 1962, at the Trade Fair an exhibition was organised on “Man in Space”. Visitors and military personnel from the Italian Air Force stopped to gaze at the scale model of an Alitalia four-engined Douglas DC-8 jet aircraft, the first jet to enter Italy’s civilian fleet. The replica was staged for the “Man in Space” exhibition, in the Weapons Courtyard of Castello Sforzesco in Milan. In the background Filarete Tower can be seen. The Trade Fair was identified almost exclusively with Milan, the country’s business capital. Not only did it attract thousands of visitors to its pavilions, but it also organised displays and exhibition points in the heart of the city.


  • Argentina’s First Lady, Evita Peron, wife of President Juan Domingo Peron, visited Milan Trade Fair in 1947. The motor vehicle on which she paraded amidst the crowd was an Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Cabriolet. Ever since the post-war years, the Trade Fair has been a showcase for Italians yearning for economic prosperity after recovering democracy and peace. Many foreign politicians visited the fair’s pavilions and took part in the fairs. This was a new form of economic and commercial diplomacy for the country’s industry as the reconstruction commenced and the rubble of the war were left behind.


  • The visit by Prince Ranieri III of Monaco to the Maserati stand at the Milan Trade Fair in 1952. The prince pauses in front of the Italcorsa “bisiluro” [twin torpedo] created by Piero Taruffi. Taruffi was a racing driver and designer of racing cars and with the “bisiluro,” for the very first time, just two years later, in 1954, he would break the 200 km an hour record. Between 1947 and 1957 the “bisiluro” beat the speed record twenty two more times. For a country like Italy, eager to transform itself from an agricultural to an industrial country, the “bisiluro” is one of the symbols of technological modernisation and the race to the future.


  • The visit by the American ambassador, Clare Boothe Luce, to Milan Trade Fair in 1954. The ambassador stops in front of the Moto Guzzi stand displaying the 350 mL motorbike which had won the world championship for its category with the motorcycle racer Fergus Anderson. Financial diplomacy, international political intrigue and business: in the second half of the 1950s, Moto Guzzi would gradually enter the American market, so much so that it would be adopted in the 1960s as the official motorbike for many police forces in American cities.


  • The visit by the Archbishop of Milan, Giovanni Battista Montini, to Milan Trade Fair in 1955. Together with other figures, he pauses in front of the Benelli stand at the Car, Aviation, Motorbike, Cycle and Accessory Exhibition. The previous year, Montini had just been appointed Archbishop of Milan by Pope Pio XII. In 1963 Montini was to become Pope under the name Paul VI.


  • The Breda exhibition area at Milan Trade Fair in 1953. The Breda pavilion was designed by the architect Luciano Baldessari in partnership with the architect Marcello Grisotti. In the area below, two trolleybuses, a locomotive, two tractors and a three-phase transformer are on display. Breda was originally founded by private investors, but in the post-war years, ownership passed to the state company, Iri. Breda played an essential role in the development of Italy’s mechanical industry.


  • The advert for Alfa Romeo sporting Pirelli tyres in 1949. In this ad, the blend of Italian public and private capitalism reaches a zenith. The Italian car firm par excellence was the property of Iri, the state holding company. Pirelli belongs to the family of the same name, one of the main players in a century of Italian history. This combination signifies industry and technology, manufacturing and design, lifestyles and national modernisation. Advertisement, page 97, Fiera di Milano magazine.


  • The advertisement for Landini wheeled and semi-tracked tractors. One of the root causes of Italy’s development immediately after the Second World War was the fact that the country was able to maintain a balance between agriculture and industry. In this mix, one of the vital cornerstones was the mechanical sector which was geared to mechanising work in the fields. This industry bolstered Italy’s expansion, from Piemonte to Emilia Romagna, Lombardy and Veneto and across the Po Valley. Advert page 20, Fiera di Milano magazine. Ente Autonomo Fiera Internazionale di Milano collection. Year VII. Single issue. 1955.


  • The Vespa Piaggio 125, in a “giant” version at Milan Trade Fair in 1951. In this photo, as well as being one of the landmark products of Italy’s motorisation and development, two smiling children appear. In those years, the Trade Fair exhibitions were a regular meeting place for families who, with great interest and often joy, flocked to Milan from all over Italy to view the industrial products on display in the pavilions. For Italians, these exhibitions were unmissable events.


  • The prototype of the carriage for the M1 Metropolitan line on display in the Milan Trade Fair in 1962. The Metro was one of the largest logistical infrastructure in Milan, the nation’s financial capital. By a similar token, the Trade Fair was one of the major exhibition platforms where Italian industry could showcase its products to the world and through which Italian society could channel its desire to start afresh in the years of the reconstruction and economic boom.


  • Magneti Marelli’s stand at Milan Trade Fair in 1964. On display, a single seater Ferrari 158 Formula 1 racing car equipped with Gruppo Marelli parts. It was with this very car driven by the British driver, John Surtees, that in Ferrari won the drivers and constructors formula 1 world championship that year.


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